Differences in Gender Communication - 2246 Words

Introduction This paper attempts to review for the reader a selection of literature that study and analyze the differences that exist between men and women and the manner in which they communicate. Not only do these pieces of literature fall into different categories and specialties, they also deliver varied opinions and results as to what causes the differences discussed. By becoming familiar with the many aspects of gender communication differences, the responsible worker or manager can synthesize those findings into a methodology that enhances work place communication. The literature available on gender communication differences, when analyzed, display themes of discussion. They are listed below in order of importance, followed†¦show more content†¦Most of the authors above conclude their findings with references to gender stereotypes. Still others, represented in this review by Hayes and Samartseva, focus on and detail the way stereotypes affect gender communication . Hayes states that stereotypes are the single most cause of misunderstandings between the genders in the work place, especially larger organizations where the work force doesn’t have a chance to develop closer relationships (2004). Hayes argues that when people are placed in a confrontation with an unknown person, or when that person’s mood and attitude is an unknown factor, people fall back subconsciously to their stereotyped images in order to interpret both verbal and non-verbal communication (2004). Samartseva discusses how stereotypes are conceptual frameworks built from observable behaviors that act as a way of predicting the world. However, she also points out that the development of stereotypes can lead to situations in which self-filling prophecies rule perceptions (2002). This finding is also evidenced by studies of management styles in the workplace. Stewart and Van der Lippe depict the varying ways in which men and women view their opposite-gendered superior. Stewart compares the preferred management style of male and females, stating that â€Å"Women feel a need to be involved with their subordinates while men believe that goodShow MoreRelatedDifferences in Gender Communication2230 Words   |  9 Pagesand analyze the differences that exist between men and women and the manner in which they communicate. Not only do these pieces of literature fall into different categories and specialties, they also deliver varied opinions and results as to what causes the differences discussed. By becoming familiar with the many aspects of gender communication differences, the responsible worker or manager can synthesize those findings into a methodology that enhances work place communication. The literatureRead MoreDifferences Between Genders And Communication Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pages When you think of gender differences you probably automatically consider anatomical and biological differences. Perhaps you contemplate about differences in appearance or maybe occupation. Gender differences are relevant in politics, the workplace, domestic commitments, etc. One large gender difference that appears to be prevalent is that of communication. I believe that gender communication holds many advantages and disadvantages within discussions as well as in distinctive settings. When lookingRead MoreGender Differences in Communication Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesGender Differences in Communication Every race, culture, civilization, and society on this planet shares two things in common: the presence of both the male and female sex, and the need to communicate between the two. The subject of gender differences appears to have engaged peoples’ curiosity for as long as people have been writing down their thoughts, from as far back as the writing of the creation of Adam and Eve, to its current popular expression in books such as Men are from Mars, WomenRead MoreGender Differences Of Emotion And Communication Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesGender Differences in Emotion and Communication By Nina Bingham | Submitted On April 11, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious 1 Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Nina Bingham Society expects women to be more emotionallyRead MoreGender Differences And Communication Technology877 Words   |  4 PagesRappleyea, Damon L., Alan C. Taylor, and Xiangming Fang. Gender Differences and Communication Technology Use Among Emerging Adults in the Initiation of Dating Relationships. Marriage Family Review 50.3 (2014): 269-84. Print. The authors study shows how technology has impacted the way young adults engage each other at the start of a relationship. They analyzed how dating has changed from previous generations with the emergence of communication technologies. Their findings show that males and femalesRead MoreGender Differences In Communication Are A Set Of Rules1298 Words   |  6 PagesGender differences in communication are a set of rules based off what society perceives as accurate for a male or female in situations. This literature review investigates gender differences in communication, particularly differences in conversational style, body politics and attractiveness, work and education, in relation to learning the roles of gender. Results of the literature review suggest that gender differences exist in various ways. Communication for females indicate women are indirect andRead MoreGender Differences in Communication In The Workplace Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesservices department of a major co mpany in my country Botswana. The company , Botswana power corporation is the sole producer and distributor of electricity in Botswana. As a company with branches all over the country it is easy to understand why communication would be crucial to the day to day operations of this company as a whole. For the sake of clarity however I’m going to limit the focus of this paper to the Information servives departmentin which I worked. My internship position was at the companiesRead MoreDifferences in the Communication Style of Both Genders2056 Words   |  9 PagesDifferences in communication style between men and women are visible physically, mentally and behaviorally. These two genders are different at the way how they act, sense, think and speak. Furthermore, one of the major dissimilarity between the sexes is the way they communicate. Therefore, the major common of dissimilarity in communication affects both sexes in every perspective. Men always seem to have conflict when they asked for help but this circumstance could not really be understood by mostRead More Observing Gender Communication Differences Essay530 Words   |  3 Pagesbe trying hard to conceal it. Often women seem to be more noticeably shy than men. Non-verbally, their â€Å"body language; seems to communicate their feelings of great uncertainty and self-consciousness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further evidence of communicative differences exist between men and women in various other social settings as well. Consider, for example, those individuals employed in customer service-related Jobs. While in JC Penny, I noticed that female customer service representatives were more apt toRead MoreGender Differences Of Managerial Communications : Fact Or Folk Linguistics?1991 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Gender Differences in Managerial Communications: Fact or Folk-Linguistics?† A response to Smeltzer and J. Werbel’s study â€Å"Gender Differences in Managerial Communications: Fact or Folk-Linguistics?† Devin Lowe MGMT 647: Organizational Behavior and Development â€Æ' Article Summary â€Å"Gender Differences in Managerial Communication: Fact or Folk-Linguistics† seeks to test the qualitative and stylistic differences that have been purported to exist between genders. The authors question the credibility

The Old Testament - 1235 Words

With the completion of the Old Testament put a stop on the preaching and revelation of the prophets. Prophets were responsible for enlightening the Jews about the realities of life and resolved various issues that they had. The Jews were desperate to know the truth, and the teachings of the God and hence prophets aided these longings of theirs. Religious ritualism, social injustice, and idolatry were the three areas in which the prophets emphasized in their preaching and filled the hearts and minds of their believers with it. Prophets were enlightened and blessed beings that had much knowledge about the religious matters and their teachings are of still very significant and valid. The Bible instructs numerous cases of the Social Injustice, Idolatry, and Ritualism. God s picked prophets, for example, Hosea, Micah, Jonah, Ezekiel, and Isaiah, give occasions of these themes. Through these picked prophets a superior comprehension of Gods expectations and implications can be found. An inside and out an examination of these points is expected to handle the importance of everyone better. Excessive admiration, this is a word found the Bible, however. Excessive praise as characterized the divine love of symbols. The expected significance of excessive praise in this viewpoint is the love of something man made of any material. The more suitable significance can be better clarified by Paul Helm. In his book, Mind, it is characterized as one brimming with philosophical enthusiasm,Show MoreRelatedThe Testament Of The Old Testament1645 Words   |  7 PagesThe Old Testament is the largest part of the bible nestled behind the leather binding in the front of the book. Unlik e most books, told from one-person or even two this is comprised of multiple, some stories even having two different versions in another point of view; over time it has become a large collection of ancient texts written and re-written by different authors and editors over the many years. The stories show the ancient Israelites, they show the laws, and rituals, which make up their religionRead MoreThe Testament Of The Old Testament Essay2307 Words   |  10 Pages1. The Old Testament consisted of a set of the spiritual text of documentations, which were written by different people at various times to a different audience. Most of the Old Testament contains short stories of traditional stories and those stories of distinguish ways God established mankind. These stories are often told to the people in narrative form, which are guidelines often referred to as laws, songs, genealogies, and list from these authors that composed the Old Testaments. The pressingRead MoreThe Old Testament E ssay1498 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Old Testament can be very hard for many people to look to for guidance. The difficulty often comes because the questions they have in today’s society may not relate to the Old Testament. â€Å"Much biblical scholarship is narrowly historical-critical and does not seek to draw out the ethical-theological dimensions of the text.† (297) Pastors have the task of relating the Old Testament to today’s problems and it can be quite a challenge. Addressing moral issues is a difficult issueRead MoreThe Old Testament1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of the Old Testament is to give historical background as well as to give prophesies to the world and also to look towards the birth, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Jesus came to transform and replace old laws with his sacrifice and free gift. He took the Mosaic divorce law and the law regarding the Sabbath. Jesus was tested by the Pharisees and he won every time. He knew how to answer, many times in the fo rm of a question, parable or story; he always had a response. I believeRead MoreThe Old Testament871 Words   |  4 Pagesof God stopped Abraham at last and kept his son from hurt, which implies that God just wanted to test Abraham, not a human sacrifice. As going through these plots in the Bible, how should people recognize the human sacrifice in the Book of the Old Testament? Is it just the test from God? Or God actually like human sacrifice? First, people should know what is the meaning of sacrifice. According to the Bible, people could conclude that the sacrifice is the way to atone for one’s sin or thank God’sRead MoreThe Old Testament Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe Old Testament is tied together by a string of five major covenants that God made with His people. These five covenants are the Covenant with Noah, the Abrahamic, Mosaic, Davidic and the New covenant. The covenant with Noah was God’s promise that He would never destroy the earth and humankind with floods again. This sign of this covenant is the rainbow, this was after God sent a flood to destroy the wickedness that had become widespread on earth after the Fall of man: Genesis 9:11 â€Å"I establishRead MoreThe Old Testament And New Testament1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe names â€Å"Old Testament† and â€Å"New Testament† are inherently theological in nature. Because there is a difference distinctly built into givin g them different notations, it implies that there are differences between each the Old Testament and the New Testament, whether it is subtle in nature or obvious in nature. To Christians, the difference means that the Old Testament contains dealings between God and the world and even some of the rules made are made irrelevant by the interactions of Christ JesusRead MoreThe Old Testament And New Testament1704 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Old Testament to discover the story and character of God that is concealed within the pages of the Old Testament stories. By taking a little time to understand the context of the stories in the Old Testament readers can see the faithfulness, loving nature, and kindness of God. Most times people are dissuaded from reading the Old Testament books because they assume God is mean and harsh within those pages, but that simply isn’t the truth. God is revealed in every story in the Bible – Old TestamentRead MoreThe Old Testament And New Testament 1373 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies in the New Testament. The New Testament catches many attentions because it describes Jesus’ life and birth of the church. As people focus more on the New Testament, the Old Testament is viewed as an unnecessary book to read. Christians have debated whether the Old Testament is needed to be read. Many Christians have claimed that the Old Testament is unnecessary to the biblical study with the New Testament containing all the study materials needed. Even so, Old Testament is vital literatureRead MoreThe Old Testament Essay2294 Words   |  10 Pages1. The Old Testament consisted of a set of documentations of religious scriptures, which were written by different people at various times to a different audience. Most of the Old Testament contains short stories of traditional stories and those stories of distinguish ways God established mankind. These stories are often told to the people in narrative form, which are guidelines often referred to a s laws, songs, genealogies, and list from these authors that composed the Old Testaments. The pressing

Is The Cost Of College Too High - 1666 Words

Is the Cost of College too high? College can further education, but it can lead students in the direction of debt in the future. College is not for everyone, but a majority of people choose to further their education. Education is not cheap, but should that change a students decision? Students should be concerned about the price of college and think about the long term pros and cons. College leaves many students in debt after they graduate. Being in debt can affect peoples lives dramatically, but there are ways of solving their financial problems. Attending a college is not for everyone, but it does not necessarily mean someone is a failure if they do not go. Most people agree it is wise to further education after high school, but there are many alternatives to college. For instance, joining a military branch straight out of high school might be the correct choice for some. There are five types of branches such as, Marine Corps, Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. A person can b enefit themselves, surving their country, by joining one of these branches. Certain types of people might enjoy being hands on and do physical labor, for example, mechanical and auto repair. Other people might have talents that they can live the rest of their life doing and even make a career out of it. Having the ability to draw and be creative can lead to jobs like being a tattoo artist. The point is people can still succeed in a number of ways even if they do not attend college. After aShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Of College Is Too High For Every Student1342 Words   |  6 PagesToday, degrees are reflecting strongly on people’s lives. The cost of college has become too high for every student or parent to afford, which makes it impossible for everyone to obtain a degree. College level has become too tough and beyond student’s reach and abilities, not anyone who obtaining a degree can get through other majors, such as physics or math, degrees don’t evaluate your skills neither your efforts. For the most important, jobs in our market have been evaluating their applicants’Read MoreCost Of Higher Learning At College1491 Words   |  6 PagesCost of Higher Learning In order to have a better life and a better job today, a high school degree is usually not enough. Many people dream about having a college degree, but the costs of education being too high, could turn those dreams into a nightmare. It is no secret that a college education is expensive, and in the past few years, it has hit an all-time high with no signs of slowing down. The average college tuition cost in America universities and colleges continues to rise yearly. Many studentsRead MoreFree College Is A Great Dream1352 Words   |  6 PagesFree college is a great dream, but not feasible. A higher education benefits not only the individual, but our country and economy as a whole. Higher tuition fees could affect students’ decision to not go to college, the government should pass a bill that limits some of the unnecessary fees that colleges charge students. The government should pay for the college education of its citizens because it is no longer an option to rely on scholarships to pay for college, they are becoming harder to get andRead MoreIs College Tuition Too High?1056 Words   |  5 Pages1101 composition 1 July 13, 2015 Is College Tuition To High? Jeffery J. Selingo stated in The Washington Post, â€Å"How long can we go with tuition until it is to much?† This statement is what many people think, who are struggling to pay off there tuition. The cost of tuition is extremely too high. Earlier in the 1900’s the cost of tuition was merely 200 dollars a year, but now tuition can be from 15,00 to 50,00 dollars a year. (UNIVERSITY HISTORY. Educational Costs (1900-1909), University of PennsylvaniaRead MorePersuasive Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesAP English 11 February 22, 2013 Is it really worth going to college, owing hundreds of dollars in order to get a degree in a profession to become successful and experienced in the real world? Today, as tuition costs increase students are questioning whether college is fit for them or not. For one, college can be really expensive, for example at the University of Minnesota for an undergraduate during the academic year of 2011-2012, the cost for one credit was $448.08 and $5,825 for a total of thirteenRead MoreThe Rising Cost of Higher Education Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagesprestigious Yale University will cost an average of $38,300 (collegeboard.com). Many students who deserve to go to this school may miss out because of the cost and lack of financial aid. The rising cost of college may put higher education out of reach for the average American. This paper will look into the reasons behind the steady rise in prices, the legitimacy of a college education, and why recent graduates are struggling to find jobs in th is tough economy. A college education is now as necessaryRead MoreCollege Tuition Is Too Expensive770 Words   |  3 Pages College Tuition Is Too Expensive There are many colleges around the world and most people like to attend one. Students study hard and try their best just so they can get an acceptance letter from their dream college. However, college tuition is not that affordable; college tuition is increasing in price every single year while the yearly salary of a father stays the same or barely increases. College tuition should be affordable to everyone regardless of his or her family status and position. StudentsRead MoreGraduation Speech : Education Is Priceless909 Words   |  4 Pagesof a college education in order to have a successful life. Coming from a Filipino household, education was always a top priority. Both of my parents grew up in rural areas of the Philippines and had under privileged lives. Unfortunately, they did not have the chance to attend college, as well as high school. When my parents decided to have me, they wanted me to have the life they wish they had as children. That is why they pushed me to learn as much as I can in school and to go to college. We areRead More1.assess Antioch College s Mission Statement909 Words   |  4 Pages 1.Assess Antioch College’s mission statement as it appears above. What is good about this mission and what would you change? Antioch College’s mission statement clearly state that the goal of the college is to provide a high standard education for students. It also describe its purpose and who it is mentioned for and its value. It is important for those people to involve in social and community engagement in order to succeed and achieve their goals to benefit the community .Therefore scholarshipRead MoreThe Terribly High Cost of Education928 Words   |  4 PagesThe cost of college has been on the rise recently making it extremely difficult for the low income or average American to afford an education after high school. This puts tons of stress on graduating high school students. Students are dropping out rapidly because they do not have the appropriate funding. Other financial resources such as grandparents are helping out students more than ever now. Financial aid is supposed to provide money to students who cannot afford tuition, but unfortunately they

Holocaust Ghettos - 1611 Words

Life in the Ghetto In 1939, Hitler was unsure of what he was going to do with the Jews; the Nazis were tossing around options and ideas with the goal of removing Jews from the population. The German invasion into Poland, allowed for the first ghetto, regarded as a provisional measure to control and segregate Jews. Ghettos were enclosed, isolated urban areas designated for Jews. Living under strict regulations, with unthinkable living conditions, and crammed into small areas, the ghettos destroyed all hope of retaliating. In this paper, I will discuss what life would be like to be a Jew inside one of the 1,000 of ghettos within Poland and the Soviet Union. I will imagine myself a member of the Jewish council, describing the†¦show more content†¦There was a love hate relationship with their fellow Jews. â€Å"Above them loomed German orders; below them spread the ever more desperate needs of the Jewish communities† (Genocide 116). Some of the Jews resented the Jewish Council, saying they should have warned them or done more. They didn’t like the Council collaborating with the Germans. â€Å"†¦the Jewish Councils tried to help their people, to maintain order, save lives, and to feed, clothe, and doctor the Jews in the ghettos† (Genocide 116). There was hostility from their own people and in some ways it pushed them to behave the opposite of their goal. They tried to mediate and plead on the Jews behalf. Some Council members helped with the resistance and some believed it would doom the entire ghetto. An example of the Jewish Council in the ghetto is, â€Å"New proclamations from the Judenrat have been hung up which have caused panic among the Jews. The families of those working are no longer protected† (Images 161). The Jewish Council formed its own Jewish Order Police. The Jewish police were also made to enforce order and deport Jews following the commands of the Germans. Like the Council, the Order Police were also disliked among the ghetto tenants. The purpose of the police was to prevent crime, supervise sanitation, and direct traffic. â€Å"The Jewish police delivered to the Germans exactly the number of people needed, rounding them upShow MoreRelatedThe Jewish Ghettos Of The Holocaust1715 Words   |  7 Pageswas like in the Jewish ghettos. There were ghettos before the Holocaust, the first being in Venice in the 16th century, there are ghettos today, and there will be ghettos in the future, but the Jewish ghettos of the Holocaust are by far the most prominent. According to Merriam-Webster a ghetto is, â€Å" a part of a city in which members of a particular group or race live usually in poor conditions (ghetto).† This paper will focus, however, on what daily life was like in the ghettos, what Jews did or didn’tRead MoreEssay Holocaust Ghettos918 Words   |  4 PagesHolocaust Ghettos Holocaust ghettos; these are the over looked places where the Jews, in Nazi controlled lands, awaited their future. The Nazis revived the medieval ghetto in creating their compulsory Jewish Quarter (Wohnbezirk). The ghetto was a section of a city where all Jews from the surrounding areas were forced to reside. Surrounded by barbed wire or walls, the ghettos were often sealed so that people were preventedRead MoreGhettos in the Holocaust: The Badge of Shame1243 Words   |  5 Pageswas like watching people in a storybook-we had no food, no milk... These words of Nelly Cesana, a survivor of the Warsaw ghetto, are just a slight insight to the torture and neglect that Jews endured while living at the ghettos of the Holocaust. The concept of separation of people by religion actually began in the Middle Ages. By the time the Nazis came to power, the ghettos were no longer in use, but the Nazis revived the idea of separation by religion. The Nazis wanted the Jews separated fromRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Ghetto1185 Words   |  5 Pagestrying to escape. After all the Jews got on the train my family and I prayed that we would all stay together. After what it seemed like forever we arrived in a town called Rzeszow. There My family and the rest of the Jews were forced to live in a ghetto. The ghetto was small but at least I was able to stay with my family. We had to share a house with four other Jewish families. It was usually really crowded inside so I spent most of the day outside. There were a lot of kids there but none that I wouldRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Nazi Party791 Words   |  4 Pageshomosexuals and yes the Jewish. The Holocaust is a prime example of genocide. The Nazis sent their prisoners to concentration camps where they were denied food, forced to work ungodly hours and made to sleep in cramp insect-infested barracks. But before that the German people were forced to undergo test to make sure they were â€Å"German†. Then they ones who were different were separated and branded-like the Jewish Star of David. Later they were sent to ghettos. Eventually the prisoners were taken toRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe holocaust was the genocide of European Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II. It lasted from 1933 to 1945, as a horrible time in history. Approximately 11 million people were killed, and almost 1 million of those killed were innocent children. It is well-known that there were a number of survivors, yet not many people know exactly how these people survived. The most known thing about the holocaust are the concentration camps. A concentration camp is defined by, â€Å"a place whereRead MoreReflection About Holocaust787 Words   |  4 Pagesas I. Around 11,000,000 people were killed in one of the most hateful crimes in all of history: the Holocaust. Although we could not have prevented this tragedy, I believe that we should all work to stop something like this from ever happening again. In order to prevent, however, we must first educate ourselves. And I think a great way to educate ourselves on the Holocaust is to visit the Holocaust Museum in Washington D.C., just as I did last summer. When my family and I arrived at the museumRead More Jewish Ghettos Essay1820 Words   |  8 Pages Jewish ghettos: The basic history of the formation of the Jewish ghettos, including the everyday life and economic hardships faced by the communities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By definition, a ghetto is an area, usually characterized by poverty and poor living conditions, which houses many people of a similar religion, race or nationality. They served to confine these groups of people and isolate them from the rest of the community because of political or social differences. However, theRead MoreSummary Of Maus By Art Spiegelman Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesMaus by Art Spiegelman is a graphic novel about a man s story of surviving the holocaust and the son was asking his father to tell this story. By itself this is a great story a man trying to survive the Holocaust against the odds and reunite with his lost love. Outside the simple exterior there is a dark theme of guilt that enhances the text from cover to cover. This theme of guilt is something that can be seen throughout the story, in a surprising number of times and an even more surprising numberRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pagesto survive.  T he Pianist† is a little different. In it the main character has to endure harsh treatment at the Warsaw Ghetto and after he is released, he goes into hiding in hope that he will survive the Holocaust and the war. One of the main thematic similarities between  Maus  and â€Å"The Pianist† is that man can be so evil to other people. Both pieces take place during the Holocaust, where Nazis set out to kill all Jews in Europe, which was known as the Final Solution. Most people found it unbelievable

Analysis of Commercial Bank Balance Sheet Free Essays

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION DEFINITION_ OF COMMERCIAL BANK_ *â€Å"Banks and other deposit taking institutions are financial intermediaries whose assets consist overwhelmingly of loans to a wide variety of borrowers and whose liabilities consist overwhelmingly of deposits. † THE ECONOMICS OF MONEY BANKING AND FINANCE 3rd* Edition PETER HOWELLS KEITH BAIN Pg 32 A sound system of banking is very important for any economy. Commercial banks are directly related to the payment system of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Commercial Bank Balance Sheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally most commercial banks are controlled by the central bank of that particular country. The central bank can never allow the banking system to fail because if banks start to fail the payment system will fail. They may allow some banks to fail but the government will never allow big banks or the whole payment system to collapse. This is very evident from the recent where government have pumped in huge amount of money to save the so called â€Å"too big to fail† banks. Banks helps in the payment services through various kinds of deposits, debit cards and credit cards ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BANK BALANCE SHEET For my assignment I have picked up Lloyds TSB as my bank. Lloyds TSB is one of the four biggest bank in the UK. I have taken 2007 annual report as the group has published only the 2008 interim report. The second item which we see in Lloyds TSB balance sheet is loan and advances to banks. It reflects the interbank relationship. This figure has fallen for most of the commercial bank and also for Lloyds TSB there is an decrease of 16. 50%. This is due to the financial crisis which has hit banking sector very badly and many banks have failed as a result. Llyods TSB gives loans to customer just like any other commercial bank and bank charge an interest for giving loans which is higher than the interest on deposit. But there is always a default risk attached with the loan which the bank gives. Commercial Banks gives different kinds of loans starting from mortgage, education loan, overdraft facility etc. In case of Lloyds TSB mortgage comes out to be 48. 4% of loans to customer. And thing we should bear in mind is that mortgage are long term loan and it can be for 30 years as well. Customer Accounts got an increase of 11% and there is an increase of 11% from 2006 to 2007. LIABILITIES OF LLOYDS TSB Lloyds TSB is also having some fixed deposit like Certificates of deposit. In these deposits customers cannot withdraw there money before a specified time and they also receive some interest as well. Second are the commercial papers which are unsecured promissory notes to meet short term obligations. Certificate of Deposit comes to around 14,995 million GBP and commercial paper is 17,388 million GBP for Lloyds TSB. Lloyds TSB is also having reserves after paying reserves. This reserve can be used in case of emergency or any unexpected risks The main risks that commercial banks face due to their exposure to different kinds of assets and liabilities are liquidity risks, market risk and credit risk. Lloyds TSB faces liquidity risk because of deposit in central bank. They have a deposit of 4330 million GBP. This means that they cannot give this amount as loans because it’s stuck with the central bank. This amount has increased considerably from 2006 to 2007. The bank faces liquidity risk because of their mismatch in assets and liabilities side. The group liquidity risk exposure is 33,185 million GBP. The main sources of liquidity risk for the bank are deposits from banks and customer accounts. As we seen above the assets of Lloyds TSB are long term whereas the liabilities are short term. The commercial bank is the main source of payment service in any economy. Whenever bank gives loan they are exposed to default risk. Default risk arises whenever a company or individual is unable to meets its obligation on interest or principle payment of the loan. The bank faces asymmetric information problem as well. Though the bank does proper due diligence before giving out any loans but asymmetric information problem cannot be ruled out with any banks at all. Due to asymmetric information we have adverse selection and moral hazard problem. Adverse selection problem comes to picture before entering into the transaction. In short the bank has to filter the good borrowers and the bad borrowers. Sometimes the bank may give loan to the bad borrowers and may suffer of this. Though banks have put checks like credit history before making out the loan but adverse selection problem cannot be neglected completely. The other problem which is created because of asymmetric information is moral hazard problem. The moral hazard problem starts after the bank has sanctioned the loan. Borrowers may get into undesirable activities. The main objective for which the loan was sanctioned may never get fulfilled. The other side of moral hazard problem is the conflict of interest between the borrower and the bank. Borrowers may try to act on their interest rather than the interest of the bank. Banks like Lloyds TSB can overcome the problems of adverse selection and moral hazards if they have proper check and control on their customers but rarely any bank achieves 100% success in these problems. These are two most important risks which any financial intermediary faces in order to serve their most important duty i. e. ayment services to the economy. Just like any other financial institution the group also faces credit risk. {text:bookmark-start} â€Å"Credit risk {text:bookmark-end} is risk due to uncertainty in a counterparty’s (also called an {text:bookmark-start} obligor {text:bookmark-end} ‘s or {text:bookmark-start} credit’s {text:bookmark-end} ) ability to meet its obligations. Because there are many types of counterparties—from individuals to sovereign governments—and many different types of obligations—from auto loans to derivatives transactions—credit risk takes many forms. † (www. riskglossary. om). After the group’s acquisition of Halifax of Scotland, the credit rating of the bank has come down. In order to counter credit risk credit rating plays a very important role. The group exposure to credit risk is 356,860 million GBP. PART 2 Asset Liability Management â€Å"The ALM group within a bank has been concerned with control of interest rate risk on the balance sheet. For some bank it may be equally important to manage interest rate risk arising from off balance sheet, but it is instructive to look at the traditional methods and progress to the relatively new procedures. (HEFFERNAN, SHELAGH A. 2005) Moreover banks have mismatch in maturity of their asset and liability. Banks use asset liability management to manage interest rate risk, market risk and credit risk. Let’s take an example where all deposits are on fixed rate of interest but all loans are made on floating rate of interest. Commercial banks mainly use three types of markets to cover these risks. These are money market, capital market and derivative market. Capital Market is generally used by large companies or governments to raise funds for the long period. Capital market can be of two types like primary market, securities are traded for the first time and secondary market, and in this securities are traded after they are traded in the primary market. Another subdivision of capital market is bond market and stock market. There are various stock market around the world like London Stock Exchange, whereas bond market includes different kinds of bonds like government bonds (US Treasury bills), foreign bonds etc. One of the most important changes in this market is the development of asset backed securities. text:bookmark-start} â€Å"Securitization {text:bookmark-end} is a financial transaction in which assets are pooled and securities representing interests in the pool are issued†. (http://www. riskglossary. com/) When securitization is backed by any assets such as student loan, mortgages this becomes asset backed security. Lloyds TSB also securitizes its assets in order to overcome its liquidity problem. The process of securitizati on has become quite complex with the introduction of Collateralized Debt Obligation, Collateralized Loan Obligation etc. And these complex securities are the heart of the financial crisis. Lloyds TSB is not having much exposure to these complex securities. Banks get into off balance sheet activities to get more profit. It helps the bank to get fee income. One more advantage of off balance sheet activity is that it does not appear into the balance sheet of the bank. The derivative market is also used by the bank to hedge their risks. â€Å"By their nature, derivatives instruments can be used for hedging different types of risks. Owing to this, banks and insurance companies use derivatives in the management of their Asset Liability Management† (Cornelius Nandyal, 2001). The derivative market is going through lot of new changes. Regulators are trying to put lot of new regulations in order to bring transparency. Banks use interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, total return swap, credit linked notes etc. But different people have different views on derivatives. According to Warren Buffet derivatives are weapon of mass destruction and can act as time bombs in the future. Whereas Alan Greenspan says â€Å"Derivatives have permitted the unbundling of financial risks. Because risks can be unbundled, individual financial instruments now can be analyzed in terms of their common underlying risk factors, and risks can be managed on a portfolio basis†. Banks have also used money market for asset liability management. The most important organ of the money market is the interbank market. In interbank market banks with surplus lend to bank with deficit. This market is severely hit by the recent financial crisis. Banks don’t know about the financial soundness of the bank to which they are lending. This has increased the liquidity problem of the bank. Other types of market are the gilt repo, commercial paper market and the certificate of deposit market. As we have seen above Lloyds TSB invest in commercial paper and certificate of deposit. Securitization and the Global Financial Crisis DIAGRAMATIC EXPLANATION OF SECURITIZATION: {draw:frame} Source: http://www. usbancortrusteeservices. com/images/ygpa7_chart_offering_structure_ptnm. pg The recent crisis started because of the sub prime mortgage loans that originated in the USA. But these loans were repackaged and sold all round the world, so this crisis which began in USA became a worldwide crisis. Securitization gives banks lot more leverage. The seeds of the recent crisis were sown in when the Federal Reserve made interest rates around 1% and the economy was pumped with lot of cash. Banks started giving these loans as mortgage to the s ub prime customers, without any credit check and at very easy terms and condition. Once interest rate started to increase in 2004, borrowers started to default on their loans. With the increase of interest rates house prices started to come down. Credit rating agencies who gave these securities AAA rating made these securities junk. The assumption on which these rating agencies were working was that house prices will keep raisingin the future as well. â€Å"The combination of low capital requirements imposed on AAA-rated assets and a commonly held perception that they were â€Å"safe,† allowed banks to hold on to any senior tranches that were not sold to investors. But when the structured finance market collapsed in late 2007, the investment banks found themselves holding hundreds of billions of dollars of low-quality asset pools, many of which consisted of leveraged buy-outs loans, subprime mortgages, and bonds from CDO’s in process-that is, where the tranches had not yet been sold to other investors. † (Coval et al, 2008) No one knows the worth of these complex securities which the banks are holding. Banks have stopped lending to each other because no one is sure of how much the other bank is holding. So interbank market is almost closed. How to cite Analysis of Commercial Bank Balance Sheet, Papers

Coffee and Key Potential Group free essay sample

Starbucks – Going global fast: Case study Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering global markets. Uncontrollable elements The uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in its entry to global markets are: volatility of market, decline consumption of younger generation, and rising dairy costs. Volatility of market Starbucks is heavily reliant on the supply and on the prices of coffee. Although Starbucks has supply agreements with suppliers in advance, the company could still face problems due to fluctuating coffee prices. Other factors, such as weather and economic conditions in coffee producing countries, also affect Starbucks operations. Decline consumption of young adults. The 20-30 year-old age group of coffee consumption is decreasing now, and this group prefers other drinks, such as soft drinks. These young adults will be the key potential group for Starbucks future market. The declining consumption of this group will bring further problems to the companys future development (The market for hot drinks, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Coffee and Key Potential Group or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rising dairy costs. According to Starbucks record, dairy costs rose about 40% year on year and this might affect the companys cost of goods. Milk and other dairy products account for around 3% and 5% of companys sale. Now Starbucks might carry out its first systematic price rise on beverages in the next four years. Since the prices of Starbucks products are more expensive than other similar products, further price rising might affect the companys operations so the company might lose some customers. The controllable elements that Starbucks has encountered in its entry to global markets are: strong competition and labor issues.