Holocaust Ghettos - 1611 Words

Life in the Ghetto In 1939, Hitler was unsure of what he was going to do with the Jews; the Nazis were tossing around options and ideas with the goal of removing Jews from the population. The German invasion into Poland, allowed for the first ghetto, regarded as a provisional measure to control and segregate Jews. Ghettos were enclosed, isolated urban areas designated for Jews. Living under strict regulations, with unthinkable living conditions, and crammed into small areas, the ghettos destroyed all hope of retaliating. In this paper, I will discuss what life would be like to be a Jew inside one of the 1,000 of ghettos within Poland and the Soviet Union. I will imagine myself a member of the Jewish council, describing the†¦show more content†¦There was a love hate relationship with their fellow Jews. â€Å"Above them loomed German orders; below them spread the ever more desperate needs of the Jewish communities† (Genocide 116). Some of the Jews resented the Jewish Council, saying they should have warned them or done more. They didn’t like the Council collaborating with the Germans. â€Å"†¦the Jewish Councils tried to help their people, to maintain order, save lives, and to feed, clothe, and doctor the Jews in the ghettos† (Genocide 116). There was hostility from their own people and in some ways it pushed them to behave the opposite of their goal. They tried to mediate and plead on the Jews behalf. Some Council members helped with the resistance and some believed it would doom the entire ghetto. An example of the Jewish Council in the ghetto is, â€Å"New proclamations from the Judenrat have been hung up which have caused panic among the Jews. The families of those working are no longer protected† (Images 161). The Jewish Council formed its own Jewish Order Police. The Jewish police were also made to enforce order and deport Jews following the commands of the Germans. Like the Council, the Order Police were also disliked among the ghetto tenants. The purpose of the police was to prevent crime, supervise sanitation, and direct traffic. â€Å"The Jewish police delivered to the Germans exactly the number of people needed, rounding them upShow MoreRelatedThe Jewish Ghettos Of The Holocaust1715 Words   |  7 Pageswas like in the Jewish ghettos. There were ghettos before the Holocaust, the first being in Venice in the 16th century, there are ghettos today, and there will be ghettos in the future, but the Jewish ghettos of the Holocaust are by far the most prominent. According to Merriam-Webster a ghetto is, â€Å" a part of a city in which members of a particular group or race live usually in poor conditions (ghetto).† This paper will focus, however, on what daily life was like in the ghettos, what Jews did or didn’tRead MoreEssay Holocaust Ghettos918 Words   |  4 PagesHolocaust Ghettos Holocaust ghettos; these are the over looked places where the Jews, in Nazi controlled lands, awaited their future. The Nazis revived the medieval ghetto in creating their compulsory Jewish Quarter (Wohnbezirk). The ghetto was a section of a city where all Jews from the surrounding areas were forced to reside. Surrounded by barbed wire or walls, the ghettos were often sealed so that people were preventedRead MoreGhettos in the Holocaust: The Badge of Shame1243 Words   |  5 Pageswas like watching people in a storybook-we had no food, no milk... These words of Nelly Cesana, a survivor of the Warsaw ghetto, are just a slight insight to the torture and neglect that Jews endured while living at the ghettos of the Holocaust. The concept of separation of people by religion actually began in the Middle Ages. By the time the Nazis came to power, the ghettos were no longer in use, but the Nazis revived the idea of separation by religion. The Nazis wanted the Jews separated fromRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Ghetto1185 Words   |  5 Pagestrying to escape. After all the Jews got on the train my family and I prayed that we would all stay together. After what it seemed like forever we arrived in a town called Rzeszow. There My family and the rest of the Jews were forced to live in a ghetto. The ghetto was small but at least I was able to stay with my family. We had to share a house with four other Jewish families. It was usually really crowded inside so I spent most of the day outside. There were a lot of kids there but none that I wouldRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Nazi Party791 Words   |  4 Pageshomosexuals and yes the Jewish. The Holocaust is a prime example of genocide. The Nazis sent their prisoners to concentration camps where they were denied food, forced to work ungodly hours and made to sleep in cramp insect-infested barracks. But before that the German people were forced to undergo test to make sure they were â€Å"German†. Then they ones who were different were separated and branded-like the Jewish Star of David. Later they were sent to ghettos. Eventually the prisoners were taken toRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe holocaust was the genocide of European Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II. It lasted from 1933 to 1945, as a horrible time in history. Approximately 11 million people were killed, and almost 1 million of those killed were innocent children. It is well-known that there were a number of survivors, yet not many people know exactly how these people survived. The most known thing about the holocaust are the concentration camps. A concentration camp is defined by, â€Å"a place whereRead MoreReflection About Holocaust787 Words   |  4 Pagesas I. Around 11,000,000 people were killed in one of the most hateful crimes in all of history: the Holocaust. Although we could not have prevented this tragedy, I believe that we should all work to stop something like this from ever happening again. In order to prevent, however, we must first educate ourselves. And I think a great way to educate ourselves on the Holocaust is to visit the Holocaust Museum in Washington D.C., just as I did last summer. When my family and I arrived at the museumRead More Jewish Ghettos Essay1820 Words   |  8 Pages Jewish ghettos: The basic history of the formation of the Jewish ghettos, including the everyday life and economic hardships faced by the communities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By definition, a ghetto is an area, usually characterized by poverty and poor living conditions, which houses many people of a similar religion, race or nationality. They served to confine these groups of people and isolate them from the rest of the community because of political or social differences. However, theRead MoreSummary Of Maus By Art Spiegelman Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesMaus by Art Spiegelman is a graphic novel about a man s story of surviving the holocaust and the son was asking his father to tell this story. By itself this is a great story a man trying to survive the Holocaust against the odds and reunite with his lost love. Outside the simple exterior there is a dark theme of guilt that enhances the text from cover to cover. This theme of guilt is something that can be seen throughout the story, in a surprising number of times and an even more surprising numberRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pagesto survive.  T he Pianist† is a little different. In it the main character has to endure harsh treatment at the Warsaw Ghetto and after he is released, he goes into hiding in hope that he will survive the Holocaust and the war. One of the main thematic similarities between  Maus  and â€Å"The Pianist† is that man can be so evil to other people. Both pieces take place during the Holocaust, where Nazis set out to kill all Jews in Europe, which was known as the Final Solution. Most people found it unbelievable

Analysis of Commercial Bank Balance Sheet Free Essays

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION DEFINITION_ OF COMMERCIAL BANK_ *â€Å"Banks and other deposit taking institutions are financial intermediaries whose assets consist overwhelmingly of loans to a wide variety of borrowers and whose liabilities consist overwhelmingly of deposits. † THE ECONOMICS OF MONEY BANKING AND FINANCE 3rd* Edition PETER HOWELLS KEITH BAIN Pg 32 A sound system of banking is very important for any economy. Commercial banks are directly related to the payment system of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Commercial Bank Balance Sheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally most commercial banks are controlled by the central bank of that particular country. The central bank can never allow the banking system to fail because if banks start to fail the payment system will fail. They may allow some banks to fail but the government will never allow big banks or the whole payment system to collapse. This is very evident from the recent where government have pumped in huge amount of money to save the so called â€Å"too big to fail† banks. Banks helps in the payment services through various kinds of deposits, debit cards and credit cards ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BANK BALANCE SHEET For my assignment I have picked up Lloyds TSB as my bank. Lloyds TSB is one of the four biggest bank in the UK. I have taken 2007 annual report as the group has published only the 2008 interim report. The second item which we see in Lloyds TSB balance sheet is loan and advances to banks. It reflects the interbank relationship. This figure has fallen for most of the commercial bank and also for Lloyds TSB there is an decrease of 16. 50%. This is due to the financial crisis which has hit banking sector very badly and many banks have failed as a result. Llyods TSB gives loans to customer just like any other commercial bank and bank charge an interest for giving loans which is higher than the interest on deposit. But there is always a default risk attached with the loan which the bank gives. Commercial Banks gives different kinds of loans starting from mortgage, education loan, overdraft facility etc. In case of Lloyds TSB mortgage comes out to be 48. 4% of loans to customer. And thing we should bear in mind is that mortgage are long term loan and it can be for 30 years as well. Customer Accounts got an increase of 11% and there is an increase of 11% from 2006 to 2007. LIABILITIES OF LLOYDS TSB Lloyds TSB is also having some fixed deposit like Certificates of deposit. In these deposits customers cannot withdraw there money before a specified time and they also receive some interest as well. Second are the commercial papers which are unsecured promissory notes to meet short term obligations. Certificate of Deposit comes to around 14,995 million GBP and commercial paper is 17,388 million GBP for Lloyds TSB. Lloyds TSB is also having reserves after paying reserves. This reserve can be used in case of emergency or any unexpected risks The main risks that commercial banks face due to their exposure to different kinds of assets and liabilities are liquidity risks, market risk and credit risk. Lloyds TSB faces liquidity risk because of deposit in central bank. They have a deposit of 4330 million GBP. This means that they cannot give this amount as loans because it’s stuck with the central bank. This amount has increased considerably from 2006 to 2007. The bank faces liquidity risk because of their mismatch in assets and liabilities side. The group liquidity risk exposure is 33,185 million GBP. The main sources of liquidity risk for the bank are deposits from banks and customer accounts. As we seen above the assets of Lloyds TSB are long term whereas the liabilities are short term. The commercial bank is the main source of payment service in any economy. Whenever bank gives loan they are exposed to default risk. Default risk arises whenever a company or individual is unable to meets its obligation on interest or principle payment of the loan. The bank faces asymmetric information problem as well. Though the bank does proper due diligence before giving out any loans but asymmetric information problem cannot be ruled out with any banks at all. Due to asymmetric information we have adverse selection and moral hazard problem. Adverse selection problem comes to picture before entering into the transaction. In short the bank has to filter the good borrowers and the bad borrowers. Sometimes the bank may give loan to the bad borrowers and may suffer of this. Though banks have put checks like credit history before making out the loan but adverse selection problem cannot be neglected completely. The other problem which is created because of asymmetric information is moral hazard problem. The moral hazard problem starts after the bank has sanctioned the loan. Borrowers may get into undesirable activities. The main objective for which the loan was sanctioned may never get fulfilled. The other side of moral hazard problem is the conflict of interest between the borrower and the bank. Borrowers may try to act on their interest rather than the interest of the bank. Banks like Lloyds TSB can overcome the problems of adverse selection and moral hazards if they have proper check and control on their customers but rarely any bank achieves 100% success in these problems. These are two most important risks which any financial intermediary faces in order to serve their most important duty i. e. ayment services to the economy. Just like any other financial institution the group also faces credit risk. {text:bookmark-start} â€Å"Credit risk {text:bookmark-end} is risk due to uncertainty in a counterparty’s (also called an {text:bookmark-start} obligor {text:bookmark-end} ‘s or {text:bookmark-start} credit’s {text:bookmark-end} ) ability to meet its obligations. Because there are many types of counterparties—from individuals to sovereign governments—and many different types of obligations—from auto loans to derivatives transactions—credit risk takes many forms. † (www. riskglossary. om). After the group’s acquisition of Halifax of Scotland, the credit rating of the bank has come down. In order to counter credit risk credit rating plays a very important role. The group exposure to credit risk is 356,860 million GBP. PART 2 Asset Liability Management â€Å"The ALM group within a bank has been concerned with control of interest rate risk on the balance sheet. For some bank it may be equally important to manage interest rate risk arising from off balance sheet, but it is instructive to look at the traditional methods and progress to the relatively new procedures. (HEFFERNAN, SHELAGH A. 2005) Moreover banks have mismatch in maturity of their asset and liability. Banks use asset liability management to manage interest rate risk, market risk and credit risk. Let’s take an example where all deposits are on fixed rate of interest but all loans are made on floating rate of interest. Commercial banks mainly use three types of markets to cover these risks. These are money market, capital market and derivative market. Capital Market is generally used by large companies or governments to raise funds for the long period. Capital market can be of two types like primary market, securities are traded for the first time and secondary market, and in this securities are traded after they are traded in the primary market. Another subdivision of capital market is bond market and stock market. There are various stock market around the world like London Stock Exchange, whereas bond market includes different kinds of bonds like government bonds (US Treasury bills), foreign bonds etc. One of the most important changes in this market is the development of asset backed securities. text:bookmark-start} â€Å"Securitization {text:bookmark-end} is a financial transaction in which assets are pooled and securities representing interests in the pool are issued†. (http://www. riskglossary. com/) When securitization is backed by any assets such as student loan, mortgages this becomes asset backed security. Lloyds TSB also securitizes its assets in order to overcome its liquidity problem. The process of securitizati on has become quite complex with the introduction of Collateralized Debt Obligation, Collateralized Loan Obligation etc. And these complex securities are the heart of the financial crisis. Lloyds TSB is not having much exposure to these complex securities. Banks get into off balance sheet activities to get more profit. It helps the bank to get fee income. One more advantage of off balance sheet activity is that it does not appear into the balance sheet of the bank. The derivative market is also used by the bank to hedge their risks. â€Å"By their nature, derivatives instruments can be used for hedging different types of risks. Owing to this, banks and insurance companies use derivatives in the management of their Asset Liability Management† (Cornelius Nandyal, 2001). The derivative market is going through lot of new changes. Regulators are trying to put lot of new regulations in order to bring transparency. Banks use interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, total return swap, credit linked notes etc. But different people have different views on derivatives. According to Warren Buffet derivatives are weapon of mass destruction and can act as time bombs in the future. Whereas Alan Greenspan says â€Å"Derivatives have permitted the unbundling of financial risks. Because risks can be unbundled, individual financial instruments now can be analyzed in terms of their common underlying risk factors, and risks can be managed on a portfolio basis†. Banks have also used money market for asset liability management. The most important organ of the money market is the interbank market. In interbank market banks with surplus lend to bank with deficit. This market is severely hit by the recent financial crisis. Banks don’t know about the financial soundness of the bank to which they are lending. This has increased the liquidity problem of the bank. Other types of market are the gilt repo, commercial paper market and the certificate of deposit market. As we have seen above Lloyds TSB invest in commercial paper and certificate of deposit. Securitization and the Global Financial Crisis DIAGRAMATIC EXPLANATION OF SECURITIZATION: {draw:frame} Source: http://www. usbancortrusteeservices. com/images/ygpa7_chart_offering_structure_ptnm. pg The recent crisis started because of the sub prime mortgage loans that originated in the USA. But these loans were repackaged and sold all round the world, so this crisis which began in USA became a worldwide crisis. Securitization gives banks lot more leverage. The seeds of the recent crisis were sown in when the Federal Reserve made interest rates around 1% and the economy was pumped with lot of cash. Banks started giving these loans as mortgage to the s ub prime customers, without any credit check and at very easy terms and condition. Once interest rate started to increase in 2004, borrowers started to default on their loans. With the increase of interest rates house prices started to come down. Credit rating agencies who gave these securities AAA rating made these securities junk. The assumption on which these rating agencies were working was that house prices will keep raisingin the future as well. â€Å"The combination of low capital requirements imposed on AAA-rated assets and a commonly held perception that they were â€Å"safe,† allowed banks to hold on to any senior tranches that were not sold to investors. But when the structured finance market collapsed in late 2007, the investment banks found themselves holding hundreds of billions of dollars of low-quality asset pools, many of which consisted of leveraged buy-outs loans, subprime mortgages, and bonds from CDO’s in process-that is, where the tranches had not yet been sold to other investors. † (Coval et al, 2008) No one knows the worth of these complex securities which the banks are holding. Banks have stopped lending to each other because no one is sure of how much the other bank is holding. So interbank market is almost closed. How to cite Analysis of Commercial Bank Balance Sheet, Papers

Coffee and Key Potential Group free essay sample

Starbucks – Going global fast: Case study Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering global markets. Uncontrollable elements The uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in its entry to global markets are: volatility of market, decline consumption of younger generation, and rising dairy costs. Volatility of market Starbucks is heavily reliant on the supply and on the prices of coffee. Although Starbucks has supply agreements with suppliers in advance, the company could still face problems due to fluctuating coffee prices. Other factors, such as weather and economic conditions in coffee producing countries, also affect Starbucks operations. Decline consumption of young adults. The 20-30 year-old age group of coffee consumption is decreasing now, and this group prefers other drinks, such as soft drinks. These young adults will be the key potential group for Starbucks future market. The declining consumption of this group will bring further problems to the companys future development (The market for hot drinks, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Coffee and Key Potential Group or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rising dairy costs. According to Starbucks record, dairy costs rose about 40% year on year and this might affect the companys cost of goods. Milk and other dairy products account for around 3% and 5% of companys sale. Now Starbucks might carry out its first systematic price rise on beverages in the next four years. Since the prices of Starbucks products are more expensive than other similar products, further price rising might affect the companys operations so the company might lose some customers. The controllable elements that Starbucks has encountered in its entry to global markets are: strong competition and labor issues.

Research Proposal on Urban Planning Research Paper Example

Research Proposal on Urban Planning Paper Urban planning is a process of the wise organization of the building on a certain territory: village, town or a great city. From the beginning of the human civilization people built houses for various purposes, like living, keeping crops, social and religious purposes, etc. It is obvious that people build houses and monuments not chaotically, but according to the certain rules and scrupulously-calculated and analyzed plans. There are special engineers and professional architects who plan and design building in order not to spoil the general view of the place. Evidently, there are special norms and requirements, which give the right to build a house for different purposes or restrict people from doing it. Except of buildings and monuments there are roads and various urban systems which also require special planning. It is obvious that it is impossible to create a road wherever one wants, because it can spoil the environment and disturb the life of the people living nearby. The building of the industrial objects is also scrupulously planned and controlled, because it is not reasonable to build a plant or a factory in the center of the big city. There are special industrial areas allowed for the building of such objects. Then, one can not build a private house in the green area of the city, because according to the urban planning and people’s requirements parks should be free of any buildings and serve as recreational areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Urban Planning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Urban Planning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Urban Planning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Every city and small town has its own plan and strict structure which can not be broken. There are several types of urban planning, the classical circular structure, characteristic for the ancient cities and the modern one which resembles the crossed lines. It is important to be an expert in urban planning for every architect, because his project should suit the general view of the area of the building and be harmonic with the other buildings in the neighborhood. A student who has researched the history, aspects and principles of urban planning will surely have brand new ideas to share with his professor. The best way to do it is to prepare a good research proposal, which will convince the professor the topic is worth research and your ideas are valuable for architecture. Unfortunately, some students have problems with the organization of their proposals and they need good writing assistance of an expert. Free example research proposals on urban planning which can be found in the web are useful for every student who has troubles with the organization of his paper. He can easily find a well-analyzed and properly-composed free sample research proposal on urban planning in the Internet and how a successful paper on his topic should look like. *** NOTE! As far as you know free sample research proposals and examples about Urban Planning are 100% plagiarized!!! At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Urban Planning topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Tips on Writing a Sample College Admission Essay

Tips on Writing a Sample College Admission EssayFor a college student, it is quite difficult to find the ideal sample college admission essay. Many colleges do not give so much importance to a sample college admission essay. However, the students who are applying for higher studies tend to write such essays in order to portray their proper character.It is a good idea to go through various college admission essay websites. By browsing through websites of different colleges, the students will be able to see the basic aspects and reasons why they need to write such an essay. In this way, they will be able to understand the purpose of writing such an essay. They will also come to know the different styles and words used in the college essay writing.The sample college admission essay can vary from one college to another. Sometimes the essay will have a more special style. On the other hand, some college admission essay samples may have words written in such a manner that it will confuse t he students. It is important for students to select the right essay style so that they will be able to write a good essay.The college admission essay can be personal as well as academic. There may be specific subjects in the essay that the student must include in the essay. Many times, the student will include a picture or poem in the essay which is appropriate for the subject. Another important aspect is that students should use a suitable grammar when writing their essay.In order to write a good essay, it is important for students to write in a creative way. They should avoid too many common errors like using the wrong grammar, missing proper nouns and too many words.The right words and phrases in an essay are essential if the students want to gain a great ranking in their college application. It is not enough to simply state what the college applicant wants to achieve from the college. Students should highlight his or her interest in the college, which can be done through other m ethods such as performing an art or musical act in the college auditorium.As a college application has many points, students should read and analyze as many college admission essays as possible. Such practice will enable them to write the most appropriate college admission essay.

Free Essays on Orgin Of Evil

God is good, and all that he has made is good. But, even with all his goodness there is still a corrupt and sinful nature in the world. All this came about because of Adam’s sin in the Garden of Eden. It is easy to recognize that this is the origin of sin, and because of this act, the entire human race has fallen into the same sinful lifestyle. Even though we can trace the original sin, it is not easy to put the finger at a particular person or being to blame the origin of evil into the world. The origin of evil is the first domino in the sinful domino effect. But where did this come from? Who is to blame? Did God originate evil in the world? Did Adam and Eve first have an evil heart before they took of the fruit? Or did it all fall upon God’s mightiest angel? It is within these three people that the origin of sin could have possibly have come. God is the creator of all, but does that mean that he could have created evil as well? This question is similar to a question I heard as a young child, â€Å"Can God make a rock that he can not pick up?† Both of these questions puts God into a box, but in order to bypass any more theological debate, I will end by saying God can do all, but has also placed limits within himself. By understanding this concept it is safe to say that God did install evil into the world. After ever single creation in the Bible, the bible says â€Å"†¦and it was good.† From common knowledge everyone knows that good is the complete opposite of evil, and good and evil have nothing in common with each other. II Corinthians 6:14 says, â€Å"Do not be yoked together with unbelievers. For what do righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or what fellowship can light have with darkness?† According to John MacArthur, Jr he states, â€Å"God is not the author of evil. If God created evil, then God would be both good and evil. And if God were both good and evil, there would be no hope for the ultimate triumph of good, which... Free Essays on Orgin Of Evil Free Essays on Orgin Of Evil God is good, and all that he has made is good. But, even with all his goodness there is still a corrupt and sinful nature in the world. All this came about because of Adam’s sin in the Garden of Eden. It is easy to recognize that this is the origin of sin, and because of this act, the entire human race has fallen into the same sinful lifestyle. Even though we can trace the original sin, it is not easy to put the finger at a particular person or being to blame the origin of evil into the world. The origin of evil is the first domino in the sinful domino effect. But where did this come from? Who is to blame? Did God originate evil in the world? Did Adam and Eve first have an evil heart before they took of the fruit? Or did it all fall upon God’s mightiest angel? It is within these three people that the origin of sin could have possibly have come. God is the creator of all, but does that mean that he could have created evil as well? This question is similar to a question I heard as a young child, â€Å"Can God make a rock that he can not pick up?† Both of these questions puts God into a box, but in order to bypass any more theological debate, I will end by saying God can do all, but has also placed limits within himself. By understanding this concept it is safe to say that God did install evil into the world. After ever single creation in the Bible, the bible says â€Å"†¦and it was good.† From common knowledge everyone knows that good is the complete opposite of evil, and good and evil have nothing in common with each other. II Corinthians 6:14 says, â€Å"Do not be yoked together with unbelievers. For what do righteousness and wickedness have in common? Or what fellowship can light have with darkness?† According to John MacArthur, Jr he states, â€Å"God is not the author of evil. If God created evil, then God would be both good and evil. And if God were both good and evil, there would be no hope for the ultimate triumph of good, which...

Biography of James Monroe, Fifth U.S. President

Biography of James Monroe, Fifth U.S. President James Monroe (April 28, 1758–July 4, 1831) was the fifth president of the United States. He fought with distinction in the American Revolution and served in the cabinets of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison before winning the presidency. He is best remembered for creating the Monroe Doctrine, a key tenet of United States foreign policy, which warned European nations against intervening in the Western Hemisphere.  He was a staunch anti-Federalist. Fast Facts: James Monroe Known For:  Statesman, diplomat, founding father, the fifth president of the United StatesBorn:  April 28, 1758 in Westmoreland County, VirginiaParents: Spence Monroe and Elizabeth JonesDied:  July 4, 1831 in New York, New YorkEducation: Campbelltown Academy, the College of William and MaryPublished Works:  The Writings of James MonroeOffices Held: Member of the Virginia House of Delegates, member of the Continental Congress, U.S. senator, minister to France, governor of Virginia, minister to Britain, secretary of state, secretary of war, president of the United StatesSpouse: Elizabeth KortrightChildren: Eliza and Maria HesterNotable Quote: Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy.   Early Life and Education James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, and grew up in Virginia. He was the son of Spence Monroe, a  well-off planter and carpenter, and Elizabeth Jones, who was well educated for her time. His mother died before 1774, and his father died soon after when James was 16. Monroe inherited his fathers estate. He studied at Campbelltown Academy and then went to the College of William and Mary. He dropped out to join the Continental Army and fight in the American Revolution. Military Service Monroe served in the Continental Army from 1776–1778 and rose to the rank of major. He was aide-de-camp to Lord Stirling during the winter at Valley Forge. After an attack by enemy fire, Monroe suffered a severed artery and lived the rest of his life with a musket ball ​lodged beneath his skin. Monroe also acted as a scout during the Battle of Monmouth. He resigned in 1778 and returned to Virginia, where Governor Thomas Jefferson made him Military Commissioner of Virginia.   Political Career Before the Presidency From 1780–1783, Monroe studied law under Thomas Jefferson. Their friendship was the springboard for Monroes swiftly rising political career. From 1782–1783, he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He then became a delegate to the Continental Congress (1783–1786). In 1786, Monroe married  Elizabeth Kortright. They had two daughters together,  Eliza and Maria Hester, and a son who died in infancy. Monroe left politics briefly to practice law, but he returned to become a U.S. senator and served from 1790–1794. He had a short tenure in France as a minister (1794–1796) and then was recalled by Washington. He was elected Virginia governor (1799–1800; 1811). President Jefferson sent him to France in 1803 to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, a key achievement of his life. He then became minister to Britain (1803–1807). In President Madisons cabinet, Monroe served as secretary of state (1811–1817) while concurrently holding the post of secretary of war from 1814–1815, the only person in U.S. history to have served both offices at the same time. Election of 1816 Monroe was the presidential choice of both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. His vice president was Daniel D. Tompkins. The Federalists ran Rufus King. There was very little support for the Federalists, and Monroe won 183 out of 217 electoral votes. His victory marked the death knell for the Federalist Party. First Term of Presidency James Monroes administration was known as the Era of Good Feelings. The economy was booming and the War of 1812 had been declared a victory. The Federalists posed little opposition in the first election and none in the second, so no real partisan politics existed. During his time in office, Monroe had to contend with the First Seminole War (1817–1818), when Seminole Indians and escaped slaves raided Georgia from Spanish Florida. Monroe sent  Andrew Jackson  to rectify the situation. Despite being told not to invade Spanish-held Florida, Jackson did and deposed the military governor. This eventually led to the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) where Spain ceded Florida to the United States. It also left all of Texas under Spanish control. In 1819, America entered its first economic depression (at that time called a Panic). This lasted until 1821. Monroe made some moves to try and alleviate the effects of the depression. In 1820, The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It also provided that the rest of the  Louisiana Purchase  above latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes was to be free. Re-Election in 1820 and Second Term Despite the depression, Monroe ran unopposed in 1820 when he ran for re-election. Therefore, there was no real campaign. He received all electoral votes save one, which was cast by William Plumer for John Quincy Adams. Perhaps the crowning achievements of Monroes presidency occurred in his second term: the Monroe  Doctrine, issued in 1823. This became a central part of American foreign policy throughout the 19th century and to the current day. In a speech before Congress, Monroe warned European powers against expansion and colonial intervention in the Western Hemisphere. At the time, it was necessary for the British to help enforce the doctrine. Along with  Theodore Roosevelt’s  Roosevelt Corollary and  Franklin D. Roosevelt’s  Good Neighbor policy, the Monroe Doctrine is still an important part of American foreign policy. Post Presidential Period Monroe retired to Oak Hill in Virginia. In 1829, he was sent to and named the president of the Virginia Constitutional Convention. After his wifes death, he moved to New York City to live with his daughter. Death Monroes health had been declining throughout the 1820s. He died of tuberculosis and heart failure on July 4, 1831 in New York, New York. Legacy Monroes time in office was known as the Era of Good Feelings due to the lack of partisan politics. This was the calm before the storm that would lead to the Civil War. The completion of the Adams-Onis Treaty ended tensions with Spain with their cession of Florida. Two of the most important events during Monroes presidency were the Missouri Compromise, which attempted to solve a potential conflict over free and slave states, and his greatest legacy the Monroe Doctrine, which continues to influence American foreign policy. Sources Ammon, Harry. James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity. Mcgraw-Hill, 1971.Unger, Harlow G. The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nations Call to Greatness. Da Capo Press, 2009.